Pico LCD 1.8

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Pico LCD 1.8
Pico LCD 1.8

1.8inch LCD Display Module for Raspberry Pi Pico, 65K Colors, 160 × 128, SPI
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Overview

Provide Pico C demo.

Specifications

Item Parameter
Supply Voltage 2.6V ~ 5.5V
Operating Current 40mA
Screen TFT
Controller ST7735S
Communication Interface 4-wire SPI
Resolution 128(H)RGB x 160(V) Pixels
Pixel Size 0.219（H）x 0.219（V）mm
Display Size 28.03（H）x 35.04（V）mm
Outline Dimensions 34.5（H）x 52.00（V） mm

Pinout

Pico-LCD-1.8-details-inter.jpg

Dimension

Pico-LCD-1.8-details-size.jpg

LCD & Controller

ST7735S is a 132*162 pixel LCD, and this product is a 128*160 pixel LCD, so some processing is done on the display: the display starts from the second pixel in the horizontal direction and the first pixel in the vertical direction. Start to display, so as to ensure that the position corresponding to the RAM in the LCD is consistent with the actual position when displayed.
The LCD supports 12-bit, 16-bit and 18-bit input color formats per pixel, namely RGB444, RGB565, and RGB666 three color formats, this demo uses RGB565 color format, which is also a commonly used RGB format.
The LCD uses a four-wire SPI communication interface, which can greatly save the GPIO port, and the communication speed will be faster.

Working Protocol

0.96inch lcd module spi.png
Note: Different from the traditional SPI protocol, the data line from the slave to the master is hidden since the device only has a display requirement.
RESX Is the reset pin, it should be low when powering the module and be higher at other times;；
CSX is slave chip select, when CS is low, the chip is enabled.
D/CX is data/command control pin, when DC = 0, write command, when DC = 1, write data
SDA is the data pin for transmitting RGB data, it works as the MOSI pin of SPI interface;
SCL work s the SCLK pins of SPI interface.
SPI communication has data transfer timing, which is combined by CPHA and CPOL.
CPOL determines the level of the serial synchronous clock at an idle state. When CPOL = 0, the level is Low. However, CPOL has little effect on the transmission.
CPHA determines whether data is collected at the first clock edge or at the second clock edge of the serial synchronous clock; when CPHL = 0, data is collected at the first clock edge.
There are 4 SPI communication modes. SPI0 is commonly used, in which CPHL = 0, CPOL = 0.

Pico LCD 1.8 Connection & Demo

Hardware connection

Please take care of the direction when you connect Pico/Pico2, a USB port is printed to indicate. You can also check the pin of Pico/Pico2 and the LCD board when connecting.
You can connect the display according to the table.

LCD Pico Description
VCC VSYS Power Input
GND GND GND
DIN GP11 MOSI pin of SPI, slave device data input
CLK GP10 SCK pin of SPI, clock pin
CS GP9 Chip selection of SPI, low active
DC GP8 Data/Command control pin (High for data; Low for command)
RST GP12 Reset pin, low active
BL GP13 Backlight control

Connection(Directly)

Pico-LCD-1.8-connect.jpg

Connection(with adapter board)

Pico-LCD-1.8-details-4.jpg

Setup environment

Please refer to Raspberry Pi's guide: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/pico/getting-started/

Download Demo codes

Open terminal and run the following command：

sudo apt-get install p7zip-full
cd ~
sudo wget  https://files.waveshare.com/upload/5/5a/Pico_code.7z
7z x Pico_code.7z -o./Pico_code
cd ~/Pico_code
cd c/build/

Run the Demo codes

This guides is based on Raspberry Pi.

C examples

Open a terminal and enter the directory of C codes: 

cd ~/Pico_code/c/

Create a build folder and add SDK:
For example, if the path of SDK is ../../pico-sdk
Then you should create a build and add the path like these: 

cd build
export PICO_SDK_PATH=../../pico-sdk
(Note: Be sure to write the right path for your own SDK)

Run cmake.. command to to generate Makefile file 

#Pico
cmake -DPICO_BOARD=pico -DPICO_PLATFORM=rp2040 ..
#Pico2
cmake -DPICO_BOARD=pico2 -DPICO_PLATFORM=rp2350 ..

Run make command to build. 

make -j9

Open main.c under the c folder, you can change the routine you need. This routine can drive the display of our company's Pico series and the source code will be updated all the time. Please select the corresponding LCD or OLED test function and comment on the irrelevant functions.
Pico LCD 0.96 Guide001.png
Run make command to build. 

make -j9

After the compilation is complete, the uf2 file will be generated. Press and hold the button on the Pico board, connect the Pico to the USB port of the Raspberry Pi through the Micro USB cable, and release the button. After connecting, the Raspberry Pi will automatically recognize a removable disk (RPI-RP2), and copy the main.uf2 file in the build folder to the recognized removable disk (RPI-RP2).

#Pico
cp main.uf2 /media/pi/RPI-RP2/
#Pico2
cp main.uf2 /media/pi/RP2350

Python codes

Use in Windows

  • 1. Press and hold the BOOTSET button on the Pico board, connect the pico to the USB port of the computer through the Micro USB cable, and release the button after the computer recognizes a removable hard disk (RPI-RP2).
  • 2. Copy the .uf2 file in the python directory to the recognized removable disk (RPI-RP2).
  • 3. Open Thonny IDE (Note: Use the latest version of Thonny, otherwise there is no Pico support package, the latest version under Windows is v3.3.3).
  • 4. Click Tools->Settings->Interpreter, select Pico and the corresponding port as shown in the figure.

Pico-lcd-0.96-img-config.png

  • 5. File -> Open -> the corresponding .py file, click to run, as shown in the following figure:

Pico-Thonny-v1.15.jpg
This demo provides a simple program...

Run in Raspberry Pi

1. The process of flashing the firmware is the same as on Windows, and you have the option of copying the .uf2 format file into the Pico/Pico2 on your PC or Raspberry Pi.
2. Open the Thonny IDE on the Raspberry Pi (click on the Raspberry logo -> Programming -> Thonny Python IDE) and you can view the version information at Help -> About Thonny.
3. Open the Thonny IDE in Raspberry Pi, update it if it doesn't support Pico.
4. Configure the port by choosing MicroPython(Raspberry Pi and ttyACM0 port) in Tools -> Options... -> Interpreter.
Pico-lcd-0.96-img-config2.png
If your Thonny doesn't support Pico, you can update it with the following command:

sudo apt upgrade thonny
  • Choose File->Open...->python/ and select the corresponding .py file to run the codes

Codes Analysis

C

Bottom hardware interface

We package the hardware layer for easily porting to the different hardware platforms.
DEV_Config.c(.h) in the directory:...\c\lib\Config

  • Data type：
#define UBYTE   uint8_t
#define UWORD   uint16_t
#define UDOUBLE uint32_t
  • Module initialize and exit:
void DEV_Module_Init(void);
void DEV_Module_Exit(void);
Note：
1.The functions above are used to initialize the display or exit handle.
  • GPIO write/read：
void 	DEV_Digital_Write(UWORD Pin, UBYTE Value);
UBYTE 	DEV_Digital_Read(UWORD Pin);
  • SPI transmit data
void DEV_SPI_WriteByte(UBYTE Value);

Application functions

We provide basic GUI functions for testing, like draw point, line, string, and so on. The GUI function can be found in directory:..\c\lib\GUI\GUI_Paint.c(.h)
LCD PICO GUI 1.png
The fonts used can be found in directory: RaspberryPi\c\lib\Fonts
LCD rpi Font.png

  • Create a new image, you can set the image name, width, height, rotate angle and color.
void Paint_NewImage(UWORD *image, UWORD Width, UWORD Height, UWORD Rotate, UWORD Color, UWORD Depth)
Parameter:
 	image : Name of the image buffer, this is a pointer;
 	Width : Width of the image;
 	Height: Height of the image;
 	Rotate: Rotate angle of the Image;
 	Color : The initial color of the image;
 	Depth : Depth of the color
  • Select image buffer: You can create multiple image buffers at the same time and select the certain one and drawing by this function.
void Paint_SelectImage(UBYTE *image)
Parameter:
 	image: The name of the image buffer, this is a pointer;
  • Rotate image: You need to set the rotate angle of the image, this function should be used after Paint_SelectImage(). The angle can 0, 90, 180, 270
void Paint_SetRotate(UWORD Rotate)
Parameter:
 	Rotate: Rotate angle of the image, the parameter can be ROTATE_0, ROTATE_90, ROTATE_180, ROTATE_270.
【Note】Afer rotating, the place of the first pixel is different as below
Pico LCD Rotate.jpg
  • Image mirror: This function is used to set the image mirror.
void Paint_SetMirroring(UBYTE mirror)
Parameter:
 	mirror: Mirror type if the image, the parameter can be MIRROR_NONE、MIRROR_HORIZONTAL、MIRROR_VERTICAL、MIRROR_ORIGIN.
  • Set the position and color of pixels: This is the basic function of GUI, it is used to set the position and color of a pixel in the buffer.
void Paint_SetPixel(UWORD Xpoint, UWORD Ypoint, UWORD Color)
Parameter:
 	Xpoint: The X-axis position of the point in the image buffer
 	Ypoint: The Y-axis position of the point in the image buffer
 	Color : The color of the point
  • Color of the image: To set the color of the image, this function always be used to clear the display.
void Paint_Clear(UWORD Color)
Parameter:
 	Color: The color of the image
  • Color of the windows: This function is used to set the color of windows, it always used for updating partial areas like displaying a clock.
void Paint_ClearWindows(UWORD Xstart, UWORD Ystart, UWORD Xend, UWORD Yend, UWORD Color)
Parameter:
 	Xstart: X-axis position of the start point.
 	Ystart: Y-axis position of the start point.
 	Xend: X-axis position of the endpoint.
 	Yend: Y-axis position of the endpoint
 	Color: Color of the windows.
  • Draw point: Draw a point at the position （Xpoint, Ypoint） of image buffer, you can configure the color, size, and the style.
void Paint_DrawPoint(UWORD Xpoint, UWORD Ypoint, UWORD Color, DOT_PIXEL Dot_Pixel, DOT_STYLE Dot_Style)
Parameter:
 	Xpoint: X-axis position of the point.
 	Ypoint: Y-axis position of the point
 	Color: Color of the point
 	Dot_Pixel: Size of the point, 8 sizes are available.
 	 	 typedef enum {
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_1X1  = 1,	// 1 x 1
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_2X2  , 		// 2 X 2
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_3X3  , 	 	// 3 X 3
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_4X4  , 	 	// 4 X 4
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_5X5  , 		// 5 X 5
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_6X6  , 		// 6 X 6
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_7X7  , 		// 7 X 7
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_8X8  , 		// 8 X 8
 	 	} DOT_PIXEL;
 	Dot_Style: Style of the point, it defines the extended mode of the point.
 	 	typedef enum {
 	 	   DOT_FILL_AROUND  = 1,		
 	 	   DOT_FILL_RIGHTUP,
 	 	} DOT_STYLE;
  • Draw line: Draw a line from (Xstart, Ystart) to (Xend, Yend) in image buffer, you can configure the color, width, and style.
void Paint_DrawLine(UWORD Xstart, UWORD Ystart, UWORD Xend, UWORD Yend, UWORD Color, LINE_STYLE Line_Style , LINE_STYLE Line_Style)
Parameter:
 	Xstart: Xstart of the line
 	Ystart: Ystart of the line
 	Xend: Xend of the line
 	Yend: Yend of the line
 	Color: Color of the line
 	Line_width: Width of the line, 8 sizes are available.
 	 	typedef enum {
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_1X1  = 1,	// 1 x 1
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_2X2  , 		// 2 X 2
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_3X3  ,		// 3 X 3
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_4X4  ,		// 4 X 4
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_5X5  , 		// 5 X 5
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_6X6  , 		// 6 X 6
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_7X7  , 		// 7 X 7
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_8X8  , 		// 8 X 8
 	 	} DOT_PIXEL;
 	 Line_Style: Style of the line, Solid or Dotted.
 	 	typedef enum {
 	 	 	 LINE_STYLE_SOLID = 0,
 	 	 	 LINE_STYLE_DOTTED,
 	 	} LINE_STYLE;
  • Draw rectangle: Draw a rectangle from (Xstart, Ystart) to (Xend, Yend), you can configure the color, width, and style.
void Paint_DrawRectangle(UWORD Xstart, UWORD Ystart, UWORD Xend, UWORD Yend, UWORD Color, DOT_PIXEL Line_width, DRAW_FILL Draw_Fill)
Parameter:
 	Xstart: Xstart of the rectangle.
 	Ystart: Ystart of the rectangle.
 	Xend: Xend of the rectangle.
 	Yend: Yend of the rectangle.
 	Color: Color of the rectangle
 	Line_width: The width of the edges. 8 sizes are available.
 	 	typedef enum {
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_1X1  = 1,	// 1 x 1
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_2X2  , 		// 2 X 2
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_3X3  ,		// 3 X 3
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_4X4  ,		// 4 X 4
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_5X5  , 		// 5 X 5
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_6X6  , 		// 6 X 6
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_7X7  , 		// 7 X 7
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_8X8  , 		// 8 X 8
 	 	} DOT_PIXEL;
 	Draw_Fill: Style of the rectangle, empty or filled.
 	 	typedef enum {
 	 	 	 DRAW_FILL_EMPTY = 0,
 	 	 	 DRAW_FILL_FULL,
 	 	} DRAW_FILL;
  • Draw circle: Draw a circle in the image buffer, use (X_Center Y_Center) as center and Radius as radius. You can configure the color, width of the line, and style of a circle.
void Paint_DrawCircle(UWORD X_Center, UWORD Y_Center, UWORD Radius, UWORD Color, DOT_PIXEL Line_width, DRAW_FILL Draw_Fill)
Parameter:
 	X_Center: X-axis of center
 	Y_Center: Y-axis of center
 	Radius：radius of circle
 	Color:  Color of the circle
 	Line_width: The width of arc, 8 sizes are available.
 	 	typedef enum {
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_1X1  = 1,	// 1 x 1
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_2X2  , 		// 2 X 2
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_3X3  ,		// 3 X 3
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_4X4  ,		// 4 X 4
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_5X5  , 		// 5 X 5
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_6X6  , 		// 6 X 6
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_7X7  , 		// 7 X 7
 	 	 	 DOT_PIXEL_8X8  , 		// 8 X 8
 	 	} DOT_PIXEL;
 	Draw_Fill: Style of the circle: empty or filled.
 	 	typedef enum {
 	 	 	 DRAW_FILL_EMPTY = 0,
 	 	 	 DRAW_FILL_FULL,
 	 	} DRAW_FILL;
  • Show Ascii character: Show a characeter in (Xstart, Ystart) position, you can configure the font, foreground and the background.
void Paint_DrawChar(UWORD Xstart, UWORD Ystart, const char Ascii_Char, sFONT* Font, UWORD Color_Foreground, UWORD Color_Background)
Parameter:
 	Xstart: Xstart of the character
 	Ystart: Ystart of the character
 	Ascii_Char：Ascii char
 	Font: five fonts are avaialble：
 	 	font8：5*8
 	 	font12：7*12
 	 	font16：11*16
 	 	font20：14*20
 	 	font24：17*24
 	Color_Foreground: foreground color
 	Color_Background: background color
  • Draw string: Draw string at (Xstart Ystart) , you can configure the fonts, foreground and the background
void Paint_DrawString_EN(UWORD Xstart, UWORD Ystart, const char * pString, sFONT* Font, UWORD Color_Foreground, UWORD Color_Background)
Parameter:
 	Xstart: Xstart of the string
 	Ystart: Ystart of the string
 	pString：String
 	Font: five fonts are available：
 	 	font8：5*8
 	 	font12：7*12
 	 	font16：11*16
 	 	font20：14*20
 	 	font24：17*24的
 	Color_Foreground: foreground color
 	Color_Background: background color
  • Draw Chiness string: Draw Chinese string at (Xstart Ystart) of image buffer. You can configure fonts (GB2312), foreground and the background.
void Paint_DrawString_CN(UWORD Xstart, UWORD Ystart, const char * pString, cFONT* font, UWORD Color_Foreground, UWORD Color_Background)
Parameter:
 	Xstart: Xstart of string
 	Ystart: Ystart of string
 	pString：string
 	Font: GB2312 fonts, two fonts are available                                                                                 ：
 	 	font12CN：ascii 11*21，Chinese 16*21
 	 	font24CN：ascii 24*41，Chinese 32*41
 	Color_Foreground: Foreground color
 	Color_Background: Background color
  • Draw number: In the image buffer, at (Xstart Ystart) as the left vertex, write a string of numbers, you can choose the Ascii font, font foreground color, or font background color.
void Paint_DrawNum(UWORD Xpoint, UWORD Ypoint, double Nummber, sFONT* Font, UWORD Digit,UWORD Color_Foreground, UWORD Color_Background);
Parameter:
 	Xstart: Left vertex X coordinate
 	Ystart: Left vertex Y coordinate
 	Nummber： The displayed number is stored in a 32-bit int type, which can be displayed up to 2147483647.
 	 	font8：5*8
 	 	font12：7*12
 	 	font16：11*16
 	 	font20：14*20
 	 	font24：17*24
        Digit: Display decimal places
 	Color_Foreground: Foreground color
 	Color_Background: Background color
  • Display time: Display time at (Xstart Ystart) of image buffer, you can configure fonts, foreground and the background.
void Paint_DrawTime(UWORD Xstart, UWORD Ystart, PAINT_TIME *pTime, sFONT* Font, UWORD Color_Background, UWORD Color_Foreground)
Parameter:
 	Xstart: Xstart of time
 	Ystart: Ystart of time
 	pTime：Structure of time
 	Font: Ascii font, five fonts are avaialble
 	 	font8：5*8
 	 	font12：7*12
 	 	font16：11*16
 	 	font20：14*20
 	 	font24：17*24
 	Color_Foreground: Foreground
 	Color_Background: Background


LVGL Sample Demo

Function Description

This demo is compatible with several LCDs, and you can customize the functions according to whether the device is equipped with a joystick or buttons. With a joystick, the LCD can realize the virtual cursor movement. In addition, with buttons, it can switch interfaces, stimulate cursor clicking, switch on/off, and other functions. The functions of each LCD are shown in the table below:

Pico-LCD LVGL Function Description
Model Interface 1 Interface 2 Interface 3
Pico-LCD-0.96 One Picture a virtual cursor, a button, a label and react on click event None
Pico-LCD-1.14 One Picture a virtual cursor, a button, a label and react on click event None
Pico-LCD-1.3 One Picture a virtual cursor, a button, a label and react on click event Two switches
Pico-LCD-1.44 One Picture a button, a label and react on click event Two switches
Pico-LCD-1.8 One Picture One Picture None
Pico-LCD-2 One Picture a button, a label and react on click event Two switches

Sample Introduction

This example is used to test LVGL control interactions, styling, etc. For more details, you can refer to LVGL development document。

Functions

  1. This example uses DMA to transmit color data to the SPI bus, reducing the CPU usage rate, so that the CPU occupancy rate can be controlled to be below 35% and the memory occupancy rate to be below 20% during the simple interaction.
  2. The system clock of this example is 150MHz, set the peripheral clock frequency of SPI to be the same as the system clock, and at the same time, use the double-buffer mechanism of LVGL library, when transferring the data in one buffer, the other buffer will be used for rendering, which ensures the smoothness of the animation.
  3. This example has two interfaces, and it can switch the interface at 3s intervals. Each interface displays different pictures, which is the simple usage of LVGL widgets.

Compile & Run

  • Windows
    • Please refer to this link to build your Windows environment.
    • Open VS 2022 -> Tool -> Command Line -> Developer Powershell
    • Set the absolute address of pico-sdk as "PICO_SDK_PATH"，for example, set pico-sdk address as“D:\pico\pico-sdk”
      setx PICO_SDK_PATH "D:\pico\pico-sdk"
    • Download the demo，enter the source code directory, if the build directory exists, you can directly enter; if not, you can create this directory. 
      mkdir build
cd build
    • Execute cmake, it will automatically generate Makefile file：
      cmake -G "NMake Makefiles" ..
    • Execute nmake to generate executable file, and input the following commands in the terminal：
      nmake
      After compilation, it will generate a .uf2 formatted file.
    • Press the onboard boot key, connect the USB interface of the board to the PC through a Micro USB cable. And then release the key, the PC will identify the pico as a portable driver. Finally, you need to copy the generated .uf2 formatted file to Pico.
  • Raspberry Pi/Ubuntu
    • Please refer to Pico user manual Chapter 2. The SDK.
    • Open a terminal，set the value of PICO_SDK_PATH as the absolute address of pico-sdk. For example, the address of my pico-sdk is "/home/pi/pico/pico-sdk"
      nano ~/.bashrc
#Add the following content at the last line
export PICO_SDK_PATH="/home/pi/pico/pico-sdk"
    • After setting, save and exit. The configuration takes effect. 
      source ~/.bashrc
    • Download the demo, enter the directory of the source code. If build directory exists, you can directly enter the directory. If not, you can create one.
      mkdir build
cd build
    • Execute cmake, it will generate Makefile file:
      cmake ..
    • Execute make to generate executable file, and input the following content in the terminal: 
      make
      After compilation, it will generate a .uf2 formatted file.
    • Press the boot key on the board, connect the USB interface of the board to the PC through a Micro USB cable. And then release the key, the PC will identify the pico as a portable driver. Finally, you need to copy the generated .uf2 formatted file to Pico.

Source Code

Source Code Structure

  • The source code of the LVGL library locates in lib/lvgl, and the version number is 8.1. For the second development, you can refer to the corresponding development document.
  • The related setting of the LVGL library is on examples/inc/lv_conf.h, you can set the refreshing frequency of the display, the system occupancy data, and so on.
    Pico-LCD-LVGL-inc.png
  • The application code of LVGL library is on examples/src/LVGL_example.c, examples/src/LCD_XinXX_LVGL_test.c. XinXX indicates the LCD size, for example, the corresponding file of 0in96 is LCD_0in96_LVGL_test.c.
    Pico-LCD-LVGL-src.png

Data Storage

This example uses a data structure to store and manage data related to LVGL. It contains cursors to the different interfaces, cursors to the widgets (buttons, labels, switches) in each interface, and variables for recording the number of button clicks and the state of the button presses.

  • Data structure
    • Code path: examples/inc/LVGL_example.h
    • Function: store and manage the required data.
typedef struct {
    lv_obj_t *scr[4];     // Store different interfaces  
    lv_obj_t *cur;        // Cursors
    lv_obj_t *btn;        // Buttons
    lv_obj_t *label;      // Labels
    lv_obj_t *sw_1;       // Switch 1 
    lv_obj_t *sw_2;       // Switch 2
    uint16_t click_num;   // the number of button clicks 
    uint16_t KEY_now;     // the current status of buttons
    uint16_t KEY_old;     // the last status of buttons
} lvgl_data_struct;

Key Reading

For key reading, this example uses the method of key scanning, which is described in detail below, and the demo also provides the corresponding comments.

  • Button initialization:
    • Code location: examples/src/LCD_XinXX_LVGL_test.c
    • Function: initialize all physical button of module
LCD_XINXX_KEY_Init();
  • Key-related macro definitions
    • Code location: lib/Config/DEV_Config.h
    • Method: This demo supports several LCDs. The value of LCD_HAS_JOY can be set to "1" if it is equipped with a joystick, and can be set to "0" if it has no joysicks. The states of all keys are stored in a hexadecimal variable, and each bit of the variable can be used to represent the state of a key, e.g., the first bit is used to represent the state of KEY_A, and the second bit is used to represent the state of KEY_B. Each bit has "1" or "0" status, respectively indicating pressing or releasing the key. If the first bit is "1", it means KEY_A is pressed. If it is "0", it indicates KEY_A is released. This method can be used to detect whether multiple keys are simultaneously pressed.
#define LCD_HAS_JOY  1

#define KEY_A     0x0001
#define KEY_B     0x0002
#define KEY_X     0x0004
#define KEY_Y     0x0008
#define KEY_UP    0x0010
#define KEY_DOWN  0x0020
#define KEY_LEFT  0x0040
#define KEY_RIGHT 0x0080
#define KEY_CTRL  0x0100
#define KEY_0     0x0200
#define KEY_1     0x0400
#define KEY_2     0x0800
#define KEY_3     0x1000
  • Buttons reading
    • Demo location: examples/src/LCD_XinXX_LVGL_test.c
    • Method: Define a hexadecimal variable KEY_Value, initialize it to 0, if a key is detected to be pressed, the corresponding data position of the key will be 1, after reading the status of all the keys, it will return to KEY_Value. Due to the difference in the number of keys on each module, the function of key reading will be different as well, here we only take the Pico-LCD-0.96 as an example for demonstration and refer to the example for other models. Please refer to the full example.
static uint16_t LCD_0IN96_Read_KEY(void) 
{
    uint16_t KEY_Value = 0;

    if (DEV_Digital_Read(LCD_KEY_A)  == 0)          KEY_Value |= KEY_A;    
    if (DEV_Digital_Read(LCD_KEY_B)  == 0)          KEY_Value |= KEY_B;    

    if (DEV_Digital_Read(LCD_KEY_UP) == 0)          KEY_Value |= KEY_UP;
    else if (DEV_Digital_Read(LCD_KEY_DOWN)  == 0)  KEY_Value |= KEY_DOWN;
    else if (DEV_Digital_Read(LCD_KEY_LEFT)  == 0)  KEY_Value |= KEY_LEFT;
    else if (DEV_Digital_Read(LCD_KEY_RIGHT) == 0)  KEY_Value |= KEY_RIGHT;
    else if (DEV_Digital_Read(LCD_KEY_CTRL)  == 0)  KEY_Value |= KEY_CTRL;

    return KEY_Value;
}
  • Button Value Storage
    • Demo location: examples/src/LCD_XinXX_LVGL_test.c
    • Method: Read the current key value and save it to dat -> KEY_now. After handling the key, the current key value is saved to dat->KEY_old. When handling the next key, this value can be used as the prevent status of the key, which is used for judging the button status change. If the last circle of some bit is 0, and the current value is 1, indicating the button just be pressed. If the last cycle of some bit is 1, and the current value is 0, indicating the button is released after pressing.
while(1)
{
    dat->KEY_now = LCD_XINXX_Read_KEY();  // Read the current button value
    handle_key_press(dat);                // Handle button
    dat->KEY_old = dat->KEY_now;          // Saved as button value
}
  • Button handling
    • Button location: Use dat->KEY_now and computing to check whether the current key is pressed, combined with dat->KEY_old to check whether the current key is newly pressed.
    • Method: use dat->KEY_now to judge whether the button is pressed through computing:
void handle_key_press(lvgl_data_struct *dat) 
{
    // Judge whether the KEY_UP button is pressed 
    if(dat->KEY_now & KEY_UP) 
    ....
    // Judge whethe the KEY_A button is pressed  
    if((dat->KEY_now & KEY_A) && !(dat->KEY_old & KEY_A)) 
    ....
    // Judge whether the KEY_A button is released  
    else if(!(dat->KEY_now & KEY_A))
    ....
}

LCD Parameter Configuration

To apply in different LCDs, this demo sets three key parameters, allowing users to externally configure according to the specific features of the target LCD.

  • LCD Parameter Definition:
    • Demo location: examples/src/LVGL_example.c
    • Function: DISP_HOR_RES and DISP_VER_RES mainly are used for initializing LVGL display buffer; LCD_SetWindows is a function cursor, which points to the LCD display position setting function, mainly used to set the LVGL interface display position.
// LCD 
LCD_SetWindowsFunc LCD_SetWindows;
uint16_t DISP_HOR_RES;
uint16_t DISP_VER_RES;
  • LCD Parameter Setting
    • Demo location: examples/src/LCD_XinXX_LVGL_test.c
    • Function: Configure parameters according to the LCD model
LCD_SetWindows = LCD_XINXX_SetWindows; // Points to LCD display function 
DISP_HOR_RES = LCD_XINXX_WIDTH;        // the horizontal resolution of LCD 
DISP_VER_RES = LCD_XINXX_HEIGHT;       // The vertical resolution of LCD

LVGL Initialization

Before using LVGL image library, you need to initialize LVGL.

  • The initialization function for LVGL library
    • Demo location: examples/src/LVGL_example.c
    • Function: mainly initialize the hardware and structure variables required for initializing LVGL
LVGL_Init();
  • LVGL library core initialization
    • Demo location: examples/src/LVGL_example.c
/*2.Init LVGL core*/
lv_init();

Running LVGL

The LVGL library calls the function lv_tick_inc at regular intervals to notify LVGL of the elapsed time so that LVGL can update its internal time state and handle time-related tasks such as animations, timers, etc. The main function also calls the lv_task_handler function in a loop so that LVGL can handle events and tasks in a timely manner. The lv_task_handler function also needs to be called in the loop of the main function so that LVGL can handle events and tasks in time to ensure that the user interface responds and refreshes.

  • LVGL heartbeat function:
    • Demo location: examples/src/LVGL_example.c
    • Method: Need to make sure that lv_task_handler has a lower priority than lv_tick_inc, so in this case lv_tick_inc is called in the timer callback function.
//Timer callback function called every 5ms
add_repeating_timer_ms(5, repeating_lvgl_timer_callback, NULL, &lvgl_timer);

static bool repeating_lvgl_timer_callback(struct repeating_timer *t) 
{
    lv_tick_inc(5);
    return true;
}
  • LVGL Task Processor
    • Demo location: examples/src/LCD_XinXX_LVGL_test.c
    • Method: Handle LVGL tasks, and need to regularly call lv_timer_handler(), and this example can be called in the cycle of the main function.
int main()
{
    ...
    while(1)
    {
      lv_task_handler();
      DEV_Delay_ms(5); 
      ...
    }
}

LVGL Display

To display LVGL, you need to initialize a display driver and set various properties of the display driver, such as color format, draw buffer, rendering mode, and display callback functions. At each LV_DISP_DEF_REFR_PERIOD (set in lv_conf.h), LVGL detects if something has happened on the UI that requires recoloring. For example, a button is pressed, a chart is changed, an animation occurs, etc. When recoloring, LVGL calls the display callback function to finish drawing the image in the refresh area.

  • Set LVGL display refreshing rate
    • Demo location: examples/inc/lv_conf.h
    • Method: in lv_conf.h, you can set the time of display buffer refreshing frequency, and can modify this definition to change the refreshing time of the screen.
#define LV_DISP_DEF_REFR_PERIOD  10  // Unit:ms, 10ms
  • Set LVGL display color
    • Demo location: examples/inc/lv_conf.h
    • Setting target: As the pixels and color storage method set by the lv_color_t structure are different with the data to be transmitted in this demo, if it directly transmitd the data, the color of the displayed image may be different.
#define LV_COLOR_16_SWAP 1
  • Display LVGL related variables definition
    • Demo location: examples/src/LVGL_example.c
    • Function: Define the display driver disp_drv and the drawing buffer disp_buf. This example realizes the double-buffer mechanism, the drawing buffer consists of buffer buf0 and buf1, the size of which is set to half of the screen display area, which is able to reduce the jaggedness of large-area screen refreshing and improve the screen refresh rate effectively; it is best to set it to 10% of the screen display area when using a single-buffer to reduce the system usage but the more obvious jaggedness will appear when refreshing large-area images. When using a single buffer, it is better to set it to 10% of the screen display area, which can effectively reduce the system usage but there will be more obvious jaggedness when refreshing the image in a large area.
static lv_disp_drv_t disp_drv;
static lv_disp_draw_buf_t disp_buf;
static lv_color_t buf0[DISP_HOR_RES * DISP_VER_RES/2];
static lv_color_t buf1[DISP_HOR_RES * DISP_VER_RES/2];
  • LVGL display device registration
    • Demo location: examples/src/LVGL_example.c
    • Function: Refine the LVGL library core struct variables according to the design requirements, initialize the display driver disp_drv, and set up the draw buffer, which is a simple array used by LVGL to render the contents of the screen. Once rendering is ready, the contents of the draw buffer are sent to the display using the disp_drv_flush_cb function set in the display driver.
lv_disp_draw_buf_init(&disp_buf, buf0, buf1, DISP_HOR_RES * DISP_VER_RES / 2); 
lv_disp_drv_init(&disp_drv);    
disp_drv.flush_cb = disp_flush_cb;
disp_drv.draw_buf = &disp_buf;        
disp_drv.hor_res = DISP_HOR_RES;
disp_drv.ver_res = DISP_VER_RES;
lv_disp_t *disp= lv_disp_drv_register(&disp_drv);
  • LVGL display callback function:
    • Demo location: examples/src/LVGL_example.c
    • Function: mainly finish drawing in the refresh areas
static void disp_flush_cb(lv_disp_drv_t * disp, const lv_area_t * area, lv_color_t * color_p)
Parameters:
    lv_disp_drv_t *disp_drv: display the driver structure cursor, including the information related to the display and function cursor. This parameter is used to informing the refreshing is finished.
    const lv_area_t *area: Area structure cursor, including the position information of the area to be refreshed. In this demo, you can use it for creating TFT display window.
    lv_color_t *color_p: color structure cursor, indicating the color data displayed in the refreshed area. In this demo, it can be sent the data to the SPI bus as the DMA input reading address, and then the image drawing is finished.
  • LVGL display callback function
    • Demo position: examples/src/LVGL_example.c
    • Method: to significantly reduce the cpu usage rate, you can use DMA to transmit color data. Set color_p as the reading address and the output data register of SPI bus can be set as the writing address.
static void disp_flush_cb(lv_disp_drv_t * disp, const lv_area_t * area, lv_color_t * color_p)
{
    LCD_SetWindows(area->x1, area->y1, area->x2+1, area->y2+1);
    DEV_Digital_Write(LCD_DC_PIN, 1);
    DEV_Digital_Write(LCD_CS_PIN, 0);
    dma_channel_configure(dma_tx,
                          &c,
                          &spi_get_hw(LCD_SPI_PORT)->dr, 
                          color_p, // read address
                          ((area->x2 + 1 - area-> x1)*(area->y2 + 1 - area -> y1))*2,
                          true);
}
  • LVGL Refresh completion notification implementation
    • Demo location: examples/src/LVGL_example.c
    • Function: the LVGL kernel needs to be notified when each image refresh is complete so that LVGL can prepare the next refresh image for rendering.
    • Display method: This example notifies the LVGL image refresh completion in the DMA transfer completion interrupt service function. If the blocking notification mechanism is used, it is not possible to utilize the double-buffering mechanism to increase the refresh speed.
static void dma_handler(void)
{
    if (dma_channel_get_irq0_status(dma_tx)) {
        dma_channel_acknowledge_irq0(dma_tx);
        DEV_Digital_Write(LCD_CS_PIN, 1);
        lv_disp_flush_ready(&disp_drv);     
    }
}

LVGL Widget Layout

In LVGL we can establish different user interfaces, including objects, or widgets, such as Button, Label, Image, List, chart or text areas. In one interface, you can create multiple widgets at the same time, and we can set their position, dimensions, parent object, formats and event process demo, etc.

  • LVGL widget initialization function
    • Demo location: examples/src/LCD_XinXX_LVGL_test.c
    • Function: implements styled controls and layout widgets, with the parameter dat as an input and output parameter to store the initialized interface and individual widgets.
static void Widgets_Init(lvgl_data_struct *dat);
  • LVGL creates interface:
    • Demo location: examples/src/LCD_XinXX_LVGL_test.c
    • Function: create an interface.
//lv_obj_t *scr[4] is a cursor array, each element can be used to point to an interface 
dat->scr[0] = lv_obj_create(NULL);
  • LVGL creates widget
    • Demo location: examples/src/LCD_XinXX_LVGL_test.c
    • Function: create widgets, Different controls require the use of different function interfaces, which can be created by selecting the parent object.
//Create a widget, dat->scr[1] is the parent object of this button, and you can replace it with widgets with children such as list and title 
dat->btn = lv_btn_create(dat->scr[1]);
  • Align LVGL widgets
    • Demo location: examples/src/LCD_XinXX_LVGL_test.c
    • Function: Enables the control to be positioned offset based on a reference point. The center of the reference point control to which the control is aligned for the offset.
    • Alignment standard: The LVGL library has both internal and external alignment. By default, the top-left corner is used as the origin, and the leftward direction is the positive horizontal direction, and the downward direction is the positive vertical direction.
//Position the btn widget 50 pixels left of center and 50 pixels down.
lv_obj_align(btn, LV_ALIGN_CENTER, -50 , 50);
RP2040-Touch-LCD-1.28-LVGL-align.png
  • LVGL widget to adjust font size
    • Demo location: examples/inc/lv_conf.h, examples/src/LVGL_example.c
    • Function: In practice, an interface may require multiple font sizes. You can enable multiple font sizes in lv_conf.h and also can set the default font size. When setting the font size, you need to set the style of the widget. Use lv_obj_add_style function to add styles in different parts of the widgets.
#define LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_14 1                                // Enable font 14
#define LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_16 1                                // Enable font 16
#define LV_FONT_DEFAULT &lv_font_montserrat_14                 // Set the default font size as 14

static lv_style_t style_label;                   
lv_style_init(&style_label);                                   // Initialize style
lv_style_set_text_font(&style_label, &lv_font_montserrat_16);  // Set the font size as 16
lv_obj_add_style(label,&style_label,0);                        // Set label theme style

LVGL Interface Function

This example defines some functions, mainly for the movement and clicks of the cursor.

  • Related self-define interface functions of LVGL widgets
    • Demo location: examples/src/LVGL_example.c
    • Function: mainly for checking whether the widget movement and cursor clicks are available. Here is a simple example, for more details, you can refer to the full examples:
static void widgets_up(lv_obj_t *widgets);                          // Widget upward
static void widgets_down(lv_obj_t *widgets, uint16_t DISP_VER_RES); // Widget downward
static void widgets_left(lv_obj_t *widgets);                        // Widget moves left
static void widgets_right(lv_obj_t *widgets, uint16_t DISP_HOR_RES);// Widget moves right
static bool click_valid(lv_obj_t *cur, lv_obj_t *widgets);          // Judge whether the cursor clicks are available

Resource

Document

Examples

Development Software

Pico Quick Start

Firmware Download

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Text Tutorial

Introduction

MicroPython Series

C/C++ Series

For C/C++, it is recommended to use Pico VS Code for development. This is a Microsoft Visual Studio Code extension designed to make it easier for you to create, develop, and debug projects for the Raspberry Pi Pico series development board. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced professional, this tool can help you confidently and easily develop Pico. Below we will introduce how to install and use the extension.

  • Official website tutorial: https://www.raspberrypi.com/news/pico-vscode-extension/.
  • This tutorial is applicable to Raspberry Pi Pico, Pico2, and our company's RP2040 and RP2350 series development boards.
  • The development environment defaults to Windows as an example. For other environments, please refer to the official website tutorial for installation.

Arduino IDE Series

Install Arduino IDE

  1. Download the Arduino IDE installation package from Arduino website.
    RoArm-M1 Tutorial II01.jpg
  2. Just click on "JUST DOWNLOAD".
    Arduino IDE Pico.png
  3. Click to install after downloading.
    RoArm-M1 Tutorial II02.gif
  4. Note: You will be prompted to install the driver during the installation process, we can click Install.

Install Arduino-Pico Core on Arduino IDE

  1. Open Arduino IDE, click the File on the left corner and choose "Preferences".
    RoArm-M1 Tutorial04.jpg
  2. Add the following link in "Additional boards manager URLs", then click OK.
    https://github.com/earlephilhower/arduino-pico/releases/download/global/package_rp2040_index.json

    RoArm-M1 Tutorial II05.jpg
    Note: If you already have the ESP32 board URL, you can separate the URLs with commas like this: 

    https://dl.espressif.com/dl/package_esp32_index.json,https://github.com/earlephilhower/arduino-pico/releases/download/global/package_rp2040_index.json
  3. Click on Tools -> Board -> Board Manager -> Search for pico, it shows installed since my computer has already installed it.
    Pico Get Start 05.png
    Pico Get Start 06.png

Upload Demo At the First Time

  1. Press and hold the BOOTSET button on the Pico board, connect the Pico to the USB port of the computer via the Micro USB cable, and release the button when the computer recognizes a removable hard drive (RPI-RP2).
    Pico Get Start.gif
  2. Download the demo from #Resource, open the D1-LED.ino under arduino\PWM\D1-LED path.
  3. Click Tools -> Port, remember the existing COM, do not need to click this COM (different computers show different COM, remember the existing COM on your computer).
    UGV1 doenload02EN.png
  4. Connect the driver board to the computer with a USB cable, then click Tools -> Ports, select uf2 Board for the first connection, and after the upload is complete, connecting again will result in an additional COM port.
    UGV1 doenload03EN.png
  5. Click Tools -> Board -> Raspberry Pi Pico/RP2040 -> Raspberry Pi Pico.
    Pico Get Start02.png
  6. After setting, click the right arrow to upload.
    Pico Get Start03.png
    • If you encounter problems during the period, you need to reinstall or replace the Arduino IDE version, uninstall the Arduino IDE clean, after uninstalling the software you need to manually delete all the contents of the folder C:\Users\[name]\AppData\Local\Arduino15 (you need to show the hidden files in order to see it) and then reinstall.


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