LC29H(XX) GPS/RTK HAT
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Overview
Introduction
The LC29H series can track L1+L5 dual-frequency and multi-GNSS signals, reducing multipath effects in urban canyons and improving positioning accuracy while maintaining low power consumption. With built-in LNA and SAW filter to achieve high sensitivity and strong anti-interference capability. Adopts dual-band positioning and RTK technology to meet the need for centimeter-level high-precision positioning. Ideal for real-time tracking systems and sharing economy applications, helping to develop applications such as drones, smart farm machinery, shared two-wheelers, etc.
Features
- Standard Raspberry Pi 40PIN GPIO extension header, supports Raspberry Pi series boards, Jetson Nano.
- Supports simultaneous tracking of L1+L5 dual-band satellite signals, reducing multipath effects in urban canyons and improving positioning accuracy.
- Supports concurrent receiving signals of multi-GNSS systems (GPS, BDS, GLONASS, Galileo and QZSS) while maintaining low power consumption.
- LC29H(AA) GPS HAT with the following features:
- Supports positioning augmentation systems (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS and GAGAN) to improve the positioning performance of service areas.
- Supports EASY technology, to realize the positioning using stored information such as ephemeris and almanac data when there is no signal, and improve the positioning and time to first fix(TTFF).
- LC29H(DA) GPS/RTK HAT with the following features:
- Supports fast convergence dual-band RTK centimeter-level positioning, suitable for high-precision positioning of terminal devices.
- LC29H(BS) GPS/RTK HAT with the following features:
- Supports GNSS raw observation and correction data output, suitable for establishing RTK base station.
- Built-in low noise amplifier and acoustic surface filter to realize -165dBm high sensitivity and enhance anti-interference performance.
- Supports multi-frequency active interference cancellation, effectively suppressing or eliminating narrowband signal (WiFi/2/3/4/5G) interference to ensure navigation accuracy.
- A-GNSS (Assisted GNSS) support, reducing the time to first fix (TTFF) with a cold start when powered on to 5 seconds.
- Serial port communication baud rate range: 9600 to 3000000bps (default: 115200bps).
- Support QGNSS software, easy to set various module functions.
- Onboard battery holder, supports ML1220 rechargeable cell, for preserving ephemeris information and hot starts.
- Onboard 4 x LED indicators for module operating status.
- Comes with online development resources and manual (Python examples for Raspberry Pi/Jetson Nano).
Parameters
- Receiving Signal: GPS, SBAS, QZSS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo
- Support SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GAGAN (Only LC29H(AA) GPS HAT supports SBAS)
- Signal Frequency Band: GPS L1C/A L5, GLONASS L1, BeiDou B1I B2a, Galileo E1 E5a
- Acquisition Time: Cold starts: 26s, Hot starts: 1s
- Acquisition Sensitivity: -145dBm (LC29H(DA)), -147dBm (LC29H(AA), LC29H (BS))
- Tracking Sensitivity: -165dBm
- Re-acquisition Sensitivity: -157dBm (LC29H(DA)), -159dBm (LC29H(AA), LC29H(BS))
- Positioning Sensitivity: 1m CEP(PVT), 0.01m+1ppm CEP(RTK)
- Highest Altitude: 10000M
- Maximum Speed: 500m/s
- Logic Voltage: 3.3/2.8V
- Communication Interface: UART, I2C
- UART Baudrate: 9600~3000000bps (115200 by default)
- Refresh Rate: Maximum 1Hz@RTK, GPS mode (1HZ by default)
- Communication Protocol: NMEA 0183 V4.10, RTCM 3.x, PAIR
- Operating Voltage: 5V (Powered by 5V pin or USB)
- Overall Current: Less than 40mA@5V (Continue Mode)
- Operating Temperature: -40℃ ~ 85℃
- Dimensions: 65mm × 30.5mm
Hardware Description
Hardware Connection
- Before connecting to the Raspberry Pi, ensure that the yellow jumper on the LC29H(XX) GPS/RTK HAT is connected to position B. The Raspberry Pi will use /dev/ttyS0 for communication.
- When you need to use the USB port, connect the yellow jumper on the board to position A, and the Raspberry Pi will use /dev/ttyUSB0 for communication.
- Connect the L1/L5 dual-frequency antenna to the onboard IPEX 1st generation socket. Connect the board to the Raspberry Pi's 40-pin header, and make sure the antenna is oriented towards the visible sky, as shown in the diagram below.
Pinout
- The RXD and TXD pins are the UART pins for the LC29H(XX) module, which outputs the messages such as NMEA0183, and transmits the commands. These pins connected to the LEDs can be used to indicate the transmission of the messages.
- The SDA, SCL pins are the I2C pins for LC29H(XX) module, which outputs the messages such as NMEA0183, and transmits the commands.
- The WAKEUP pin is for waking up the LC29H(XX) module and can be woken up by flipping the pin level when the module is in Backup mode.
- The PPS pin is the pulse signal pin for the LC29H(XX) module and can be used for time synchronization. This pin connected to the LEDs is used to indicate whether the module has entered the positioning mode.
- The WI/RES pin is the reserved pin for LC29H(XX) and is not currently open for use.
Dimensions
Positioning Principle
What's GNSS
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) is a general term for multiple satellite systems. At present, there are BDS (China), GLONASS (Russia), GPS (United States), Galileo (Europe), QZSS (Japan) and IRNSS (India) navigation satellite systems in the world. The features of GNSS are as follows:
- GPS is widely used with mature technology, and the frequency band signals such as L1C/A, L2C and L5, have improved the positioning accuracy.
- GNSS modules with multi-system and multi-band can capture satellites from different satellite systems, which greatly increases the number of effective satellites and improves positioning accuracy and stability.
- The signal received by the GNSS module contains reflected and refracted signals, resulting in multi-path effects that affect the positioning accuracy. The multi-band and multi-constellation system technology can effectively lessen errors caused by the atmosphere and improve positioning accuracy.
- With the development of GNSS, a variety of positioning technologies such as RTK, PPP-RTK and multi-sensor fusion positioning DR (Dead Reckoning) have emerged to meet the needs of differentiated high-precision positioning.
GPS Principle
In this section, the working principle of GPS receiver positioning is shown in the figure below, and the details are described in the following 5 points. For details of the positioning principle, please refer to GPS Positioning Principle, GPS Operation Principle, Fundamentals of gps receivers and FUNDAMENTALS OF GPS.
- GPS satellites continuously send radio signals with their own time and position information in the air for GPS receivers (GNSS modules such as ZED-F9P)
- A pseudo-random code will be generated inside the satellite and the receiver. Once the two pseudo-random codes are synchronized, the receiver can measure the difference between the time the radio signal is transmitted and the time it arrives at the receiver (referred to as the time delay), and multiply the time delay by the speed of light to get the distance (pseudorange).
- The time of the GPS system is maintained by the rubidium atomic frequency standard of the atomic clocks on each satellite. These satellite clocks are generally accurate to within a few nanoseconds of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which is maintained by the Naval Observatory's "Master Clock", the stability of each master clock is several 10^(-13) seconds.
- Computers and navigation information generators on GPS satellites know precisely their orbital positions and system time, while a global network of monitoring stations keeps track of satellites' orbital positions and system time. The main control station at Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado, together with its operation and control section, input the orbital position and onboard clock correction data calculated on the basis of complex models into each GPS satellite at least once a day.
- To calculate the 3D position of the GPS receiver (GNSS module), the GPS receiver is required to receive signals from at least four satellites, and the 3D position is calculated according to the space triangle Pythagorean theorem and the quadratic linear equation.
What's RTK
RTK (Real Time Kinematic), also known as carrier phase differential technology, is a GNSS positioning technology that supports centimeter-level positioning accuracy (referred to as RTK) and is a differential method for real-time processing of the carrier phase observations of two measuring stations. The working process of RTK is shown in the figure below. The DGPS corrections generated by the base station (GNSS receiver) are transmitted to the mobile station (GNSS receiver) in real-time through the mobile network for calculation and centimeter positioning.
RTK Application
- Apply in various control surveys such as traditional geodetic surveys and engineering control surveys in triangulation and wire netting methods, and use RTK to measure the positioning accuracy in real-time to ensure observation quality and improve operational efficiency. Compared with non-real-time measurements such as normal GPS static surveys, fast static surveys, and pseudo-dynamic surveys, it must be retested when the accuracy does not meet the requirements. In addition, RTK is used in highway control measurement, electronic circuit control measurement, water conservancy engineering control measurement, and geodetic survey, which can reduce labor intensity, save costs, and complete control point measurement within minutes or even seconds.
- Topographic mapping: Using RTK only requires one person with the instrument to stay at the detail point for a second or two, and input the feature code at the same time. The accuracy of points and areas can be known in real-time through the handbook. After returning to the room, the professional software interface can output the required topographic map. In this way, RTK only requires one person to operate, and it does not require point-to-point vision, which greatly improves efficiency. With RTK and the electronic handbook, you can measure and design various topographic maps, such as general surveying, railway strip topographic maps, highway pipeline topographical maps, reservoir topographic maps, nautical ocean surveying, and so on with the depth sounder.
- Setting out is an application branch of measurement. When using RTK to set out, you only need to input the designed point coordinates into the electronic handbook with the GPS receiver on your back, and it will remind you to go to the position. It is not only fast and easy but also is high-accuracy and uniform as GPS is set out by coordinates directly. Hence, the efficiency of setting out in exterior operation is greatly improved, and only one person to operate.
NTRIP
- Networked Transport of RTCM via the Internet, abbreviated as NTRIP, is a protocol for transmitting RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) differential data over the Internet. It is a method of distributing RTK correction data through the Internet or local networks. This allows for the expansion of RTK networks with unlimited base stations and mobile stations. A network with multiple NTRIP devices is referred to as an NTRIP network. In an NTRIP network, there are three roles.
- NTRIP Caster: It acts as a server responsible for receiving and transmitting GNSS differential data. It collects RTK correction data (RTCM data) from one or more base stations and distributes them to RTK mobile stations. rtk2go is a cloud-based public Caster that can transmit RTCM data by uploading it to rtk2go.
- rtk2go requires registration of base station information before use. Click this link to register. After registration, it takes about 1 day for processing, and a response to the rtkgo email is necessary for normal use.
- After acceptance by rtk2go, it can transmit the RTK correction data (RTCM data) output by the base station to the NTRIP Caster server. This data is then used for RTK positioning by other mobile station devices.
- NTRIP Caster: It acts as a server responsible for receiving and transmitting GNSS differential data. It collects RTK correction data (RTCM data) from one or more base stations and distributes them to RTK mobile stations. rtk2go is a cloud-based public Caster that can transmit RTCM data by uploading it to rtk2go.
- NTRIP Server: It consists of a physical RTK base station and software. Its role is to send RTK correction data (RTCM data) over the Internet to an NTRIP Caster, such as rtk2go. The strsvr software in RTKLIB_2.4.3_b34 can act as an NTRIP Server.
- NTRIP Client: GPS positioning modules receive RTK correction data (RTCM data) through an NTRIP Client for RTK positioning. The combination of the GPS module and the NTRIP Client is commonly referred to as an RTK mobile station. The strsvr software in RTKLIB_2.4.3_b34 can function as an NTRIP Client, and other tools like u-center and QGNSS also integrate NTRIP Client functionality.
NMEA 0183
- GNSS modules outputs an NMEA 0183 message from the serial port, and peripheral control unit parses the NMEA 0183 statement to output a human-readable message.
- NMEA 0183 is the National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) standardized format for marine electronic devices. It is now the standardized RTCM (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services) protocol for GPS navigation devices.
- NMEA 0183 includes $GPZDA, $GPRMC, $GPVTG, $GPGNS, $GPGGA, $GPGSA, $GPGSV, $GPGLL, $GPGST and so on 7 kinds of protocol frames, in which $ followed by the first two characters represent the country or region of the GNSS system, such as $GPGGA for the U.S. GPS, $BDGGA for the Chinese BeiDou, $GLGGA for the Russian GLONASS, $GAGGA for the European Union Galileo, $GNGGA for the joint positioning of the stars.
- Take $GPRMC as an example to briefly describe the information represented in each part of the protocol frame, for the other 6 protocol frames please refer to the NMEA 0183 manual.
Recommended Minimum Specific GPS/TRANSIT Data(RMC)Recommended Positioning Information $GPRMC,<1>,<2>,<3>,<4>,<5>,<6>,<7>,<8>,<9>,<10>,<11>,<12>*hh<CR><LF> $GNRMC,010555.000,A,2232.4682,N,11404.6748,E,0.00,125.29,230822,,,D*71 <1> UTC time, hhmmss.sss (hours, minutes, seconds) format <2> Position status, A=effective positioning, V=invalid positioning <3> Longitude ddmm.mmmm (degree cents) format (leading zeros will also be transmitted) <4> Latitude hemispheres N (Northern Hemisphere) or S (Southern Hemisphere) <5> Longitudes dddmm.mmmm (degree cents) format (leading zeros will also be transmitted) <6> Longitude hemisphere E (East) or W (West) <7> Ground rate (Sections 000.0 to 999.9, preceding zeros will also be transmitted) <8> Ground heading (000.0 to 359.9 degrees, with true north as the reference datum, and leading zeros will also be transmitted) <9> UTC date, ddmmyy (day month year) format <10> Magnetic declination angle (000.0 to 180.0 degrees, leading zeros will also be transmitted) <11> Direction of magnetic declination, E (East) or W (West) <12> Mode indication (NMEA0183 version 3.00 output only, A=autonomous localization, D=differential, E=estimation, N=data invalid) *hh: The final check digit *hh is the data used to do the checksum. It is not required for normal use but is recommended when there is strong electromagnetic interference in the surrounding environment. hh represents the bitwise exclusive OR value of all characters of "$" and "*" (excluding these two characters). Individual manufacturers are to define their own statement format to "$P" at the beginning, followed by 3 characters of the manufacturer's ID identification number, followed by a customized data body.
How to Use
- RTK Rover refers to the use of the LC29H(DA) HAT module as a mobile station, connecting and receiving RTCM data streams from services like Qianxun Positioning (China mainland) or other reference base station service provider to achieve high-precision centimeter-level positioning.
- RTK Base refers to using the LC29H(BS) HAT to establish a CORS (Continuous Operational Reference System), providing RTCM data streams to other devices, thereby enabling real-time centimeter-level positioning for those devices.
Windows
This section is the introduction to quick setup and use of LC29(XX) series modules using QGNSS software on Windows PCs. For detailed instructions on using QGNSS software, please refer to the Quectel_QGNSS_User_Guide_V2.0.pdf file in QGNSS_1.8.zip.
AGNSS
- LC29H(AA) HAT supports AGNSS (Assistant GNSS), can import EPO data by QGNSS software, and reduces the TIME TO FIRST FIX for LC29H(AA) HAT to 5s.
- Open QGNSS software, click on the menu Device -> Set Device Information -> Model -> LC29H(AA) and select the corresponding COM port and the default baud rate of 115200.
- Click on the menu AGNSS -> Assistant GNSS Offline -> Connect, select and download the corresponding EPO to the LC29H(AA), as shown below:
RTK Rover
- LC29H(DA) HAT enters RTK Rover mode to realize centimeter-level positioning:
- Users need to apply for the reference base station service of local organizations, such as users in the United States apply to UNAVCO, and the author, who is adjacent to Hong Kong, uses Hong Kong Geodetic Survey Services as an example for testing.
- Download and install QNSS software.
- Connect LC29H(DA) HAT to the computer, you can click here to download the driver, and select the corresponding COM port on the QGNSS after installation.
- Open Tools -> NTRIP -> NTRIP Client in the QGNSS menu bar to bring up the tab and enter the following parameters.
It is recommended that the straight line distance between the reference base station and the mobile station is less than 50KM Address: landsd-gncaster.realtime.data.gov.hk Port: 2101 Username: psi_user Password: psi
- Click Update source table, select the nearest T430_32 in the NTPIP mount point drop-down box, and then click Connect To Host to save and run the RTK Rover service.
- After LC29H(DA) HAT enters RTK Rover, the Data Dock column of QGNSS displays RTK status, RTK Fixed is the RTK fixed status, in which the centimeter positioning is accurate, and RTK Flaot is the floating status, in which the centimeter positioning is not accurate.
RTK Base
- NTRIP terminology can be found in the NTRIP section.
- Use the LC29H(BS) HAT to establish a CORS (Continuous Operational Reference System) to provide RTCM data streams to other devices. For more details, you can refer to Quectel LC29H(BS) GNSS Protocol Specification V1.0.
- When operating as a base station, the antenna should be installed at a fixed point (preferably in a location with a clear sky view, avoiding obstructions as much as possible). The precise coordinates of the antenna can be obtained through the measurement mode (Survey-in) of the LC29H(BS).
- Use the QGNSS software to set the command "$PQTMCFGSVIN" to make LC29H(BS) enter Survery-in mode. This mode determines the position of the receiver antenna by establishing the weighted average of all valid 3D positioning results. The following table provides the parameter settings and detailed operations for the $PQTMCFGSVIN command.
- The command $PQTMCFGSVIN,W,1,3600,1,0,0,0*16 sets the LC29H(BS) to observe for 3600 seconds with a 3D positioning accuracy of 1 meter. Please note that the "16" after "*16" represents the hexadecimal checksum value. After entering the $PQTMCFGSVIN command and its parameters, click the "CheckNum" button to generate the checksum. The button is located in QGNSS -> Tools -> Command Console -> CheckNum. For information on checksum calculation, refer to the manual Chapter 2.
#Enter in the checkbox $PQTMCFGSVIN,W,1,3600,1,0,0,0 #Clicking the CheckNum button will automatically add the checksum value $PQTMCFGSVIN,W,1,3600,1,0,0,0*16
- After the observation is completed, retrieve the Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates obtained from the Survey-in mode using the command $PQTMCFGSVIN,R*26, for example:
#Retrieve the observation results $PQTMCFGSVIN,R*26 #Return to the result $PQTMCFGSVIN,OK,1,3600,50.0,-2404572.0411,5381092.5507,2429899.7105*6F
- If the user has obtained the fixed coordinates of the antenna using professional instruments, directly input these coordinates into the LC29H(BS) to set it into Fixed mode. It is important to note that any error in the base station antenna position will directly translate into positioning errors for the mobile station. In this test, the observation results will be used for the Fixed point mode.
#Please note that users need to fill in according to the GPS module observation result or the positioning coordinates measured by the professional instruments. Note that "-2404572.0411,5381092.5507,2429899.7105" is the XYZ value of the ECEF coordinate system. $PQTMCFGSVIN,W,2,0,0,-2404572.0411,5381092.5507,2429899.7105*21
- Download RTKLIB_2.4.3_b34, to establish an NTRIP Server, and transmit the RTCM data output from the LC29H(BS) to the rtk2go NTRIP Caster server.
- Disconnect QGNSS, unzip and open "strsvr" in the RTKLIB_bin-rtklib_2.4.3.zip, and configure Serial and NTRIP Server options, as shown below:
- Note that the Serial port is the COM port enumerated by the LC29H(BS) on the computer, and the baud rate is 115200.
- Note that the NTRIP Server HOST is rtk2go.com, Port is 2101, Mountpoint should be the name you registered for your mount point, and set the password accordingly.
- Configure Serial and NTRIP Server options, and then click on "start", and upload the RTCM data of the base. Users can click link to check the online status of the self-constructed base station.
- When using the NTRIP Client to connect to the self-constructed base station, make sure to fill in the username with the email address used to register the base station.
Other Settings
- PAIR command set is used to set the function of the LC29H(XX) HAT series module to send and receive via UART or I2C.
- Use the QGNSS software to set the function of the LC29H(XX) HAT series module. For detailed operation, you can check the PAIR command set.
- Open QGNSS, select the corresponding model and the correct baud rate (default 115200), and click Tools --> Command Console in the menu bar.
- Note that the checksum value for each command can be generated by clicking the CheckNum button. The button is located in QGNSS -> Tools -> Command Console -> CheckNum. The pseudo-code for a checksum calculation is as follows, for more details, refer to the manual Chapter 2.
// pData is the data array of which the checksum needs to be calculated: unsigned char Ql_Check_XOR(const unsigned char *pData, unsigned int Length) { unsigned char result = 0; unsigned int i = 0; if((NULL == pData) || (Length < 1)) { return 0; } for(i = 0; i < Length; i++) { result ^= *(pData + i); } return result; }
Raspberry Pi
This section is about how to use Raspberry Pi 4B and LC29H(XX) HAT.
Environment Setting
- Enable the function pins such as UART and I2C on the Raspberry Pi, users who are not familiar with the Raspberry Pi can refer to the Document to set up the Raspberry Pi to open the UART, I2C and so on, as shown in the following figure.
- Refer to the Hardware Connection Summary to select the yellow jumper cap to position B. The Raspberry Pi uses the /dev/ttyS0 device file for interaction, and the antenna is placed in the visible sky area.
Demo Download
- Install Python function library:
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install gpsd gpsd-clients sudo pip3 install gps3
- Modify gpsd parameters:
#Open gpsd text sudo nano /etc/default/gpsd #Modify the following parameters of the document and save to exit USBAUTO="false" DEVICES="/dev/ttyS0" GPSD_OPTIONS="/dev/ttyUSB0"
- Download the source code:
wget https://files.waveshare.com/wiki/LC29H(XX)-GPS-RTK-HAT/Lc29h_gps_rtk_hat_code.zip
Demo Test
- For testing the network RTK, you can use TCP/IP to transmit the GGA message of the LC29H(DA) to the RTCM data stream server. Return the RTCM data stream if the address is valid, LC29H(DA) receives and parses the RTCM data stream.
- After executing the demo, the terminal prints a GGA message every second, and the GGA message includes the RTK positioning result:
cd ~/lc29h_gps_rtk_hat_code/python/rtk_rover/ python3 main.py -u psi_user -p psi landsd-gncaster.realtime.data.gov.hk 2101 T430_32 #python3 main.py -u [email protected] -p your_ntrip_server_password rtk2go.com 2101 your_mountpoint_name # # python3 main.py -u username -p password caster port mountpoint # # username: replace it with your NTRIP Caster username, it would be an email address # when you use rtk2go Caster # # password: replace it with your NTRIP server password # # caster:suppose that the nearby caster is "landsd-gncaster.realtime.data.gov.hk" # if you dont have a base station send rtcm stream to your # RTK HAT,please contact the local RTK service appropriate # authority,or make a base station by RTK Base HAT(like as ZED-F9P, LC29H(BS) HAT) # port: the caster port # mountpoint: T430_32 #
- Convert the coordinates, execute the demo, and then the terminal prints the positioning result with the coordinate system such as wgs84 gcj02 bd09 every 10s:
cd ~/lc29h_gps_rtk_hat_code/python/coordinate_converter python main.py
RTK Base
Windows system supports uploading the station information to the server with STRSVR. For Linux systems, you can refer to the following steps to install rtkbase tool to upload.
- Copy the following content to the Raspberry Pi terminal:
https://github.com/Stefal/rtkbase git clone https://github.com/Stefal/rtkbase.git cd rtkbase/tools sudo ./install.sh --all release
- Open the terminal and run the following commands to receive the new Suite value:
sudo apt-get update --allow-releaseinfo-change
- If the above steps do not work, you can try running the following command to explicitly accept the new Suite value:
sudo apt-get update --allow-releaseinfo-change --allow-unauthenticated
- The corresponding public key is missing. The solution to this problem is to import the correct public key. You can use the following command to import the missing public key:
sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 0E98404D386FA1D9 6ED0E7B82643E131
- After correctly installing the tool to the web page, you will be prompted with the following:
- Then directly open the browser to access the local (Raspberry Pi IP) address (here is 192.168.10.87), the Raspberry Pi side to open the corresponding button to realize the server online!
Resource
Document
Demo
Software
Datasheet
- NMEA0183
- Quectel L89 R2.0&LC29H&LC79H AGNSS Application Note
- Quectel LC29H&LC79H Series GNSS Protocol Specification V1.1
- Quectel LC29H(BA, CA, DA) DR&RTK Application Note V1.0
- Quectel LC29H(BS) GNSS Protocol Specification V1.0
FAQ
- Due to unstable indoor GNSS satellite searching, the receiver may struggle to pick up satellite signals indoors.
- Connect the GNSS antenna to the IPEX antenna connector and place the receiver with the label facing downwards in an open area with a clear view of the sky (note that testing during rainy weather may not be possible). Node modules may require about 1 minute to receive positioning signals after powering on, while base station modules may require more time.
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